b. Different forms of power-sharing in different countries - Belgium, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.

b. Different forms of power-sharing in different countries:

1. Belgium:

   Belgium practices a form of power-sharing known as consociationalism. It is based on the recognition and accommodation of different linguistic and regional groups within the country. Key features include:

   a. Linguistic Power-sharing: Belgium has three main linguistic communities: Dutch-speaking Flemish, French-speaking Walloons, and German-speaking minority. The country has established separate regional governments for the Flemish and Walloon communities, along with a federal government. Power is shared between these regional governments and the federal government.

   b. Cultural Autonomy: Consociationalism in Belgium also involves cultural autonomy, allowing each linguistic community to manage its own educational, cultural, and social affairs. This arrangement respects the distinct identity and aspirations of different communities.

   The power-sharing model in Belgium aims to address historical divisions and ensure representation and participation for all linguistic communities within a federal framework.

2. Sri Lanka:

   Sri Lanka has experienced ethnic conflicts between the majority Sinhalese community and the Tamil minority. Efforts have been made to establish power-sharing mechanisms to address these concerns. Key features include:

   a. Devolution of Powers: Sri Lanka introduced devolution of powers, which involves the transfer of certain powers and functions from the central government to regional or provincial councils. The aim is to grant autonomy and decision-making authority to these councils, particularly in areas with a significant Tamil population.

   b. Provincial Councils: Sri Lanka has established provincial councils that have legislative and executive powers in specific regions. These councils allow for greater representation and self-governance for the different ethnic communities.

   The power-sharing model in Sri Lanka seeks to address the grievances of ethnic minorities and foster a sense of autonomy and participation at the regional level.

3. Nepal:

   Nepal adopted federalism as a power-sharing mechanism after the end of the monarchy. Key features include:

   a. Division into Provinces: Nepal is divided into several provinces, each with its own elected government and legislature. This division ensures the representation and participation of diverse ethnic and regional identities within the country.

   b. Distribution of Powers: The federal government retains certain powers, such as defense and foreign affairs, while other powers are devolved to the provincial governments. The division of powers between the central government and provincial governments aims to ensure effective governance and address regional aspirations.

   The power-sharing model in Nepal promotes decentralization, local governance, and the recognition of diverse identities, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democracy.

These examples highlight different approaches to power-sharing based on specific socio-political contexts. Power-sharing mechanisms in these countries aim to accommodate diverse identities, address historical grievances, and ensure the representation and participation of different communities within the political system.