b. Overview of the ways in which gender, religion, and caste-based discrimination occur.

Gender, religion, and caste-based discrimination manifest in various ways within societies. Here is an overview of how discrimination occurs based on these social divisions:

1. Gender-Based Discrimination:
   - Unequal access to education: Girls and women may face barriers in accessing quality education, leading to lower literacy rates and limited opportunities for personal and professional development.
   - Gender wage gap: Women often face lower wages and unequal pay compared to men, even when performing similar work.
   - Limited political representation: Women are often underrepresented in political leadership roles, decision-making bodies, and positions of power.
   - Violence against women: Gender-based violence, including domestic violence, sexual assault, and harassment, is a pervasive form of discrimination that affects women and girls.
   - Gender stereotypes and norms: Societal expectations and stereotypes regarding gender roles and behavior can limit opportunities and perpetuate inequality.

2. Religion-Based Discrimination:
   - Religious intolerance: Discrimination can occur based on an individual's religious beliefs, practices, or affiliation, leading to exclusion, social ostracism, or even violence.
   - Restriction of religious freedoms: Individuals may face restrictions on practicing their religion, including limitations on religious rituals, building religious institutions, or expressing religious identity.
   - Religious persecution: Discrimination can escalate to persecution, where individuals or communities face targeted violence, harassment, or forced conversion due to their religious beliefs.

3. Caste-Based Discrimination:
   - Untouchability and social exclusion: Individuals belonging to lower castes face social exclusion, including restrictions on access to public spaces, inter-caste marriage, and participation in social and religious activities.
   - Occupational discrimination: Certain occupations and economic opportunities are traditionally associated with specific castes, leading to limited mobility and unequal access to resources and economic prosperity.
   - Unequal access to education: Children from lower castes may face discrimination in schools, leading to limited educational opportunities and perpetuating social disparities.
   - Violence and atrocities: Dalits (Scheduled Castes) often face violence, physical abuse, and discrimination, including in the form of manual scavenging, forced labor, and denial of basic rights.

It is important to note that these forms of discrimination can intersect and overlap, resulting in compounded disadvantages for individuals who face discrimination based on multiple social divisions. Addressing and combating gender, religion, and caste-based discrimination require comprehensive measures, including legal protections, awareness campaigns, policy interventions, and social change initiatives aimed at promoting equality, inclusion, and respect for human rights.

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