c. Vertical distribution of power - the division of power among the legislature, executive, and judiciary

The vertical distribution of power refers to the division of power among the three branches of government: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. This division is a fundamental principle of a democratic system and is designed to ensure a system of checks and balances, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful.

1. Legislature: The legislature is responsible for making laws. It is typically composed of elected representatives who are responsible for representing the interests of the people. In many countries, the legislature consists of two houses: an upper house (such as a Senate) and a lower house (such as a House of Representatives). The legislature has the power to introduce, debate, amend, and pass laws.

2. Executive: The executive branch is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. It is headed by the executive or the head of state, such as the president or prime minister. The executive branch is responsible for making policy decisions, administering government programs, and overseeing the day-to-day operations of the government. It has the authority to execute and enforce laws passed by the legislature.

3. Judiciary: The judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying laws. It consists of a system of courts and judges who ensure that laws are applied fairly and consistently. The judiciary is independent of the other two branches and acts as a neutral arbiter in disputes. It has the power to interpret the constitution, settle legal disputes, protect individual rights, and ensure that the actions of the legislature and the executive are in accordance with the law.

The vertical distribution of power ensures a system of checks and balances, where each branch has separate and distinct powers and can keep a check on the other branches. This division helps prevent the concentration of power in any one branch and promotes accountability and transparency in governance. The legislature makes laws, the executive implements laws, and the judiciary interprets laws, ensuring that no single branch becomes too dominant or abuses its authority.

By separating powers vertically, a system of government can promote democratic governance, protect individual rights, and prevent any single branch from becoming too powerful or infringing upon the rights and liberties of the citizens.