Unit 5: Popular Struggles and Movements1. Popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia: a. Overview of popular struggles and movements in Nepal and Bolivia

a. Overview of popular struggles and movements in Nepal:

   Nepal has witnessed several popular struggles and movements that have played a significant role in shaping the country's political landscape. Here are a few notable examples:

1. Democracy Movement of 1950:

   - This movement led to the overthrow of the autocratic Rana regime and the establishment of democracy in Nepal.

   - The movement was fueled by demands for political representation, freedom, and the end of the Rana oligarchy.

2. People's Movement of 1990:

   - This movement was a major pro-democracy movement that led to the restoration of multi-party democracy in Nepal.

   - It involved widespread protests, strikes, and demonstrations against the autocratic rule of King Mahendra and his successor, King Birendra.

   - The movement demanded political reforms, civil liberties, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

3. People's Movement II (2006):

   - Also known as the April Revolution or Jana Andolan II, this movement played a pivotal role in ending the authoritarian rule of King Gyanendra and transitioning Nepal into a republic.

   - Mass protests, organized by political parties, civil society groups, and the Maoists, demanded the restoration of democracy and an end to the monarchy.

   - The movement resulted in the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government and the Maoists, leading to the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a federal democratic republic.

b. Overview of popular struggles and movements in Bolivia:

   Bolivia has a history of social and political movements that have been instrumental in challenging inequality, advocating for the rights of indigenous peoples, and shaping the country's governance. Here are a few notable examples:

1. Water War (2000):

   - This movement emerged in response to the privatization of water resources by foreign companies, specifically the Bechtel Corporation.

   - Mass protests, strikes, and civil unrest erupted in Cochabamba against skyrocketing water prices and the lack of access to clean water.

   - The movement succeeded in forcing the government to revoke the water privatization law and regain control over water resources.

2. Gas War (2003):

   - The Gas War was a series of protests and social mobilizations against the export of natural gas to foreign countries at low prices, seen as detrimental to Bolivia's economic interests.

   - Indigenous groups, labor unions, and social movements demanded nationalization of natural resources, greater indigenous rights, and a more equitable distribution of wealth.

   - The movement led to the resignation of President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada and paved the way for the election of Evo Morales, Bolivia's first indigenous president.

3. Indigenous Movements and Constitutional Reforms:

   - Bolivia's indigenous movements, such as the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia (CIDOB) and the Movement for Socialism (MAS), have been at the forefront of advocating for the rights and recognition of indigenous peoples.

   - These movements played a crucial role in shaping the country's 2009 constitution, which recognized Bolivia as a plurinational state and enshrined the rights of indigenous communities.

These popular struggles and movements in Nepal and Bolivia highlight the agency of people in demanding political rights, social justice, and inclusive governance. They have been instrumental in challenging authoritarian regimes, advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, and influencing significant political and social transformations in both countries.