b. Understanding the demands and outcomes of these struggles.

b. Understanding the demands and outcomes of popular struggles and movements in Nepal and Bolivia:

1. Popular struggles in Nepal:

   a. Democracy Movement of 1950:

      - Demand: The movement aimed to overthrow the autocratic Rana regime and establish democracy.

      - Outcome: The movement successfully ended the Rana oligarchy and paved the way for the establishment of democracy in Nepal.

   b. People's Movement of 1990:

      - Demand: The movement demanded political reforms, civil liberties, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

      - Outcome: The movement led to the restoration of multi-party democracy in Nepal, political liberalization, and the promulgation of a new constitution.

   c. People's Movement II (2006):

      - Demand: The movement called for the restoration of democracy, the end of the monarchy, and political reforms.

      - Outcome: The movement resulted in the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which led to the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a federal democratic republic in Nepal.

2. Popular struggles in Bolivia:

   a. Water War (2000):

      - Demand: The movement opposed the privatization of water resources and demanded access to clean and affordable water.

      - Outcome: The movement succeeded in revoking the water privatization law, and control over water resources was restored to the government.

   b. Gas War (2003):

      - Demand: The movement aimed to oppose the export of natural gas at low prices and called for nationalization of natural resources and indigenous rights.

      - Outcome: The movement led to the resignation of the president and opened up space for the election of Evo Morales, the country's first indigenous president. It also paved the way for the nationalization of natural gas and the implementation of progressive policies.

   c. Indigenous Movements and Constitutional Reforms:

      - Demand: Indigenous movements demanded recognition of indigenous rights and greater representation in political processes.

      - Outcome: The demands of indigenous movements were reflected in Bolivia's 2009 constitution, which recognized Bolivia as a plurinational state and granted greater rights to indigenous communities.

Overall, these popular struggles and movements in Nepal and Bolivia have brought about significant changes in governance, political structures, and social justice. They have led to the establishment of democracy, the recognition of indigenous rights, the nationalization of resources, and the empowerment of marginalized communities. These movements have demonstrated the power of collective action and social mobilization in bringing about transformative changes in society.